Expanding horizons of immunotherapy: from oncology to multisystemic applications

Immunotherapy, traditionally associated with cancer treatment, is increasingly being investigated for various non-cancerous conditions, presenting a novel frontier in immunomodulation. This review discusses the probable uses of immunotherapy in organ transplantation, autoimmune illnesses, and neurodegenerative conditions, highlighting the application of novel approaches like monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and vaccines to manipulate immune responses outside oncology. Although there has been substantial progress, the technology is plagued with issues such as immunosuppressive effects and expensive therapy. Present review aims at highlighting the safety profiles of immunotherapeutic approaches and the identification of biomarkers for individualized vaccine development. As the discipline advances, immunotherapy has the potential to revolutionize treatment strategies for many diseases and provide novel and efficient interventions for hitherto incurable disorders. This also delves about the mechanistic approach on various types of immunotherapies, along with current clinical trials.