When governance is voluntary: how board characteristics shape earnings management in SMEs

Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of corporate governance characteristics on earnings management in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), particularly focusing on unlisted SMEs in Iberian countries. Design/methodology/approach The study analyzes a sample of 12,738 unlisted SMEs in Portugal and Spain over the period 2012–2021, examining the relationship between various governance attributes and earnings management practices. Findings There is a significant positive relationship between earnings management and factors such as board size, Big4 auditors, foreign board members and prior-year losses. In contrast, a significant negative relationship is observed with gender diversity, board independence, the number of external entities and board member ownership. Practical implications The findings provide actionable guidance for policymakers and institutions in shaping governance regulations. For SMEs, the study offers strategies to enhance governance practices, optimize board structures and improve financial transparency by limiting earnings management. Originality/value This research extends existing literature by shifting the focus from large and listed firms to SMEs, a context where governance mechanisms are not compulsory, thus offering new insights into how governance affects financial reporting in smaller firms.