Radiation-resistance in alternative energy systems: A critical approach to microbial fuel cells adapted for extreme environments

The quest for sustainable energy systems that function in severe settings has generated interest in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) utilizing radiation-resistant bacteria. These extremophiles, such as Deinococcus radiodurans, Thermococcus gammatolerans, and Rubrobacter radiotolerans, exhibit remarkable DNA repair systems, antioxidative defenses, and protein-protection mechanisms that facilitate prolonged metabolic activity in the presence of strong ionizing radiation. This review aims to critically assess recent advances in electrode nanomaterials, biofilm engineering, and system optimization approaches to improve microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance. In contrast to traditional electrogens like Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens, which quickly deteriorate under radiation stress, these organisms preserve their extracellular electron transfer (EET) capability and biofilm integrity in adverse conditions. Their incorporation into MFCs broadens prospective uses in space exploration, radioactive waste treatment, deep subterranean bioenergy extraction, and autonomous environmental surveillance. In interplanetary environments, radiation-resistant microbial fuel cells could supply continuous electricity for life-support systems and instruments in scenarios where solar energy is inconsistent. In nuclear reactors and polluted locations, they could concurrently immobilize radionuclides and produce power for distant sensors. Deep systems may utilize native extremophiles to facilitate seismic and hydrogeological monitoring, whilst autonomous biosensors could function in disaster areas for prolonged environmental surveillance. By integrating extremophile resilience with MFC adaptability, these systems provide a self-sustaining, low-maintenance power source that operates effectively in environments where traditional bio-electrochemical technologies are ineffective. The review examines microbial adaptations to radiation, material degradation in radioactive conditions, electron transport pathways, and the contribution of extremophiles to the enhancement of MFC performance. Utilizing these creatures for energy production signifies a new frontier in bioenergy research, with considerable ramifications for planetary science, nuclear safety, and sustainable infrastructure in harsh conditions.