An Efficient Stateless Blockchain with Smart Contracts Based on Cryptographic Accumulator

• The STipChain+ system employs a combination of cryptographic accumulators and verifiable computing techniques to create a stateless blockchain for smart contracts. This system offers a solution for the use of blockchain in big data scenarios. • A new hierarchical group commitment scheme for smart contracts based on the RSA cryptographic accumulator has been developed with the objective of reducing the storage overhead of contract evidence in the system by 99 • Design a composite RSA accumulator scheme for decentralised SGX Remote Attestation under stateless conditions. This scheme should transfer the trust in Intel to the trust in the group of nodes on the chain, and accumulate the certificate information through cryptographic accumulator technology. This should reduce the burden of storage on the system and reduce the dependence on a single organisation. • The experimental results demonstrate that, while maintaining decentralisation and security, STipChain+ can significantly reduce the storage pressure on consensus nodes, thereby enhancing system throughput. Blockchain is regarded as one of the most transformative and innovative technological developments of recent times, due to its decentralised nature. Nevertheless, the majority of public chains are currently grappling with the challenge of exponential data growth within the block chain system, largely due to the presence of high levels of data redundancy, which is resulting in a significant consumption of node storage resources. However, the scheme is subject to several limitations, including the storage overhead associated with contract evidence under the conditions of extensive smart contracts and the necessity of placing trust in the central node for the purpose of verifying smart contracts. The objective of this paper is to propose a new stateless blockchain architecture, designated as STipChain+. The STipChain+ system enables the real-time computation of contract evidence and the completion of the execution and verification of smart contracts without compromising the decentralization of the blockchain. The layered grouping design of smart contracts enables the reduction of the data involved in generating contract evidence, thus resolving the shortcomings of the existing stateless blockchain scheme, which necessitates the pre-calculation of evidence and its subsequent update in a sequential manner. Furthermore, the storage of substantial amounts of evidence is also alleviated. In addition, the issue of the trusted third party when verifying smart contracts is further addressed by proposing a composite RSA accumulator certificate commitment scheme with a new smart contract execution logic and transaction verification method. The results of experimental studies indicate that STipChain+ reduces the storage requirements for state data by 99% in comparison to existing blockchain storage optimisation schemes. This is achieved without the introduction of third-party trusted entities, and the reduction in storage requirements can be verified in a fixed amount of time for any smart contract.