Exercise rehabilitation in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a narrative review

Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (CKM) is a multi-organ dysfunction syndrome driven by the interaction of metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease, culminating in adverse cardiovascular events. Exercise rehabilitation is an effective non-pharmacological intervention that retards CKM progression via multi-target mechanisms. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of exercise rehabilitation in CKM, the research progress on each component, and explore current challenges and future directions, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the comprehensive management of CKM.