Factors associated with wheezing in Indigenous children and adolescents: A systematic review of the global literature

We identified three main factors for wheezing in Indigenous children and adolescents: Environmental (tobacco smoke, indoor pollution, and housing), socioeconomic (income, healthcare, and residence), and biological/clinical (sex, birth weight, infections, and allergies). We propose a model to analyze these factors in Indigenous Brazilian children. Differences in definitions, reliance on numerous cross-sectional studies, and focus on North America limit the generalizability of the results. Standardized methods and studies in new regions, particularly Brazil, are necessary for testing and refine this model.