Integrating Generative AI in Higher Education: Teachers’ Perceptions Through the TPACK Lens

Generative AI (GenAI) in education has become a divisive topic. While some teachers view GenAI as a transformative tool, others caution against harms and impacts on teaching and learning. Since the usefulness of a tool depends on the user, how teachers view and use GenAI and their perceptions of its role in teaching and learning may influence its benefits and risks. The study adopts a qualitative approach, interviewing 23 higher education teachers with teaching experience across disciplines. Using the Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) and sensemaking frameworks to guide and analyse the interviews, a set of opportunities, challenges, and threats associated with integrating GenAI in higher education was identified. Teachers highlighted opportunities, including using GenAI as a study buddy. Concerns were raised about students’ overreliance on GenAI, GenAI undermining the teaching and learning process, and issues like undetected plagiarism. The findings suggest a need for professional development to help teachers understand GenAI and how it can be effectively used in teaching. Some teachers warned against the paradox of using a tool to save time, only to find that it might increase workload and frustration. These insights contribute to developing guidelines and informing policymaking to ensure integration of GenAI in education.