AI-Enabled Flexible Sensing Ecosystems for Parkinson’s Disease: Advancing Digital Biomarkers and Closed-Loop Interventions

Effective Parkinson’s disease (PD) management is hindered by the intermittent nature of clinical snapshots and the discomfort of rigid monitoring hardware. This review critically evaluates the synergy between flexible bioelectronics and artificial intelligence (AI) for continuous remote monitoring. Our analysis reveals that while material innovations have achieved milligram-level sensitivity, a significant ‘translational gap’ persists due to limited validation in real-world environments and small cohort sizes. We conclude that multimodal fusion architectures are essential for accurately mapping digital biomarkers to clinical gold standards such as MDS-UPDRS. By leveraging edge AI for privacy and closed-loop feedback for intervention, this integration facilitates the transition from reactive clinical visits to proactive, personalized digital home-care ecosystems.