The Effect of Artificial Insemination and Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer on Production, Health Status, and Survival of Holstein–Friesian Cows

The effects of reproductive technologies, namely, artificial insemination (AI) and multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET), on the production, health, and longevity of Holstein–Friesian cows were evaluated. Data were obtained from the time period between 2017 and 2024 on a Hungarian dairy farm and consisted of 1783 cows (1544 AI and 239 MOET). Deep-frozen semen from identical bulls was used for both the AI and MOET groups. Disease incidence, productive life, and early-lactation milk production phenotypes were collected in these cows. MOET cows demonstrated significantly higher milk yield during the first 100 days of lactation but had a 43.9% greater risk of culling compared with AI cows (p < 0.05). Metabolic and reproductive disorders were the most common reasons for culling cows, with increased frequency of health issues correlating with higher culling risk ratios (p < 0.05). While MOET cows showed lower incidences of metabolic disorders, reproductive problems, and mastitis, their shorter productive lifespan likely limited overall disease exposure. Nevertheless, when MOET cows experienced illness, the impact was more severe, particularly in relation to metabolic issues (p < 0.05). These findings highlight trade-offs between improved genetic potential and health resilience in MOET-derived cows. Despite their higher productivity, their management may require greater health vigilance. This study offers practical insights for dairy producers in selecting reproductive strategies to balance genetic gain, herd health, and longevity under intensive production systems.