Epidemiology and risk factors of urolithiasis in the Turkestan region: a case-control study

This study aimed to identify epidemiological factors associated with Urolithiasis (UL) in the Turkestan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan to inform targeted prevention strategies. The study was conducted in 2023–2024 at three major medical institutions in the region and included 1,660 participants: 410 patients with UL and 1,250 controls without a history of the disease. Data collection involved patient questionnaires, medical record analysis, laboratory and instrumental diagnostics, and assessment of drinking water quality. Detailed laboratory and instrumental examinations were performed in 298 patients and 301 controls who provided informed consent. The UL recurrence rate was 40%. Patients had a longer average duration of residence in the region than controls (20.6 vs. 16.4 years, p < 0.05), and diagnoses were more frequent in summer. UL patients showed significantly higher urinary oxalate excretion, elevated parathyroid hormone levels, and lower urine pH (all p < 0.001). Preventive measures reduced oxalate levels by 20% and increased urine pH. Regional water hardness was above average and associated with higher recurrence rates. Oxalate stones predominated. The findings highlight the role of environmental and metabolic factors and support strengthening prevention programs, including hydration, dietary modification, water quality monitoring, and early detection of hyperparathyroidism.