Integrating Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure for Sustainable Development: A TCCM Framework Analysis of SDG 9 Implementation

<ns7:p>Purpose Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9)—which promotes resilient infrastructure, inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and innovation—is central to global economic, social, and environmental progress. This study investigates the implementation of SDG 9 across 120 countries using an integrative Theory–Context–Characteristics–Methodology (TCCM) framework. Design/methodology/approach The TCCM framework synthesizes sustainable development theory, innovation diffusion models, infrastructure resilience concepts, and industrial ecology principles to examine interdependencies among infrastructure quality, technological innovation, and institutional capacity. A mixed-methods design combines panel regression and difference-in-differences analyses with qualitative interviews involving policymakers and industry leaders from high-, medium-, and low-performing countries. Findings Quantitative analysis demonstrates that governance quality, research and development investment, and digital connectivity significantly influence infrastructure and innovation outcomes. Qualitative insights highlight institutional capacity as a key moderating factor shaping policy effectiveness and resource allocation. Results reveal reciprocal feedback loops: improved infrastructure enhances innovation diffusion, while technological progress reinforces system resilience. Sectoral and regional comparisons show that high-income economies display mature infrastructure–innovation linkages, whereas low-income countries struggle with governance and financing constraints. Energy and manufacturing sectors lead in eco-efficiency through circular economy adoption, while transport systems lag in rural connectivity. Originality/value This study contributes a comprehensive analytical model that integrates theoretical and empirical perspectives on sustainable industrialization. The TCCM framework unifies diverse literature streams and offers a practical tool for assessing SDG 9 progress. Practical implications Policy recommendations include the establishment of resilient infrastructure standards, promotion of digital inclusion, strengthening of public–private partnerships, and enhancement of institutional capacity. The framework provides a replicable approach for policymakers, industry practitioners, and researchers seeking to accelerate sustainable industrialization and innovation aligned with the 2030 Agenda.</ns7:p>