The influence of different immersive virtual reality devices on children's pain during needle-based procedures: A network meta-analysis and systematic review

These findings provide evidence-based guidance for clinical technology selection. Semi-immersive VR offers a practical, cost-effective, non-pharmacological intervention for outpatient and inpatient settings. Implementation should incorporate standardized operator training, 5-7 min immersion duration, and scenario activation 30 s pre-procedure.