Breast Cancer in Relation to Dairy Product Consumption: A Review of Current Findings and Potential Mechanisms

Milk and dairy products have been associated with both promotive and inhibitory effects on breast cancer through diverse signaling pathways. Outcomes appear to be shaped by genetic background, tumor subtype, and the specific components consumed. Certain milk proteins, such as α-casein, have demonstrated protective potential and may contribute to new therapeutic strategies. In contrast, the possible presence of carcinogenic compounds in dairy products highlights the need for further investigation to clarify these associations and inform dietary recommendations. The relationship between dairy and breast cancer is multifaceted, requiring personalized dietary recommendations and further investigation of underlying mechanisms. Inconsistencies in current findings emphasize the need for standardized research approaches that consider dietary patterns, genetic predisposition, and life-stage-specific consumption. Future studies should also address fermented versus unfermented products, fat content, and dose-response relationships to better understand these associations and inform dietary guidelines.