Recent advancements in diagnosis of oral cancer

Background: Late diagnosis drives poor outcomes in oral cancer. Non-invasive and tech-driven diagnostics may improve early detection. Methods: Comprehensive literature review (2015–2025) across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. Results: OCT, narrow-band imaging, autofluorescence and salivary biomarkers (IL-8, Cyfra 21-1, miRNAs) show promise. AI (CNNs) and digital pathology enhance image interpretation and triage; telemedicine improves access. Conclusion: Integrating imaging, molecular biomarkers and AI could improve early detection and reduce mortality; implementation research needed for routine use.