The interplay of actual and perceived motor competencies, physical activity and well-being: a child-centered approach

Motor development models highlight the interplay between actual motor competence, perceived motor competence and physical activity in children. In studies, mental health parameters, such as well-being, are mostly considered as an outcome of PA or motor development, but they can also be the prerequisite for participation in PA. While variable centered studies have explored mostly correlations among these factors, there is a need to adopt person-centered approaches to identify distinct profiles based on these variables. Understanding these profiles can support targeted interventions to promote healthy motor development. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving n = 427 children (M = 7.78 years, SD = 0.70). Actual motor competence was assessed via motor competence test, perceived motor competence via self-perception and physical activity and well-being via parent questionnaires. Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify distinct profiles based on the characteristics of the investigated constructs. Latent profile analysis revealed three distinct profiles. Highly competent team players (profile 1), who were characterized by high actual and perceived motor competencies in “object movement”, high participation in team sports and high well-being scores. Competent self-movers (profile 2), who exhibited good actual and perceived motor competencies, engaged primarily in individual sports and high well-being. Low-participating overestimators (profile 3), who demonstrated low actual motor competencies but high perceived motor competencies with an overestimation of their competencies, low involvement in organized sports and significant lower well-being compared to the other profiles. This study identifies distinct profiles in children’s motor development parameters, emphasizing the complex interplay between actual motor competencies, perceived motor competencies, physical activity and well-being. The presence of a profile with low actual motor competencies, physical activity and well-being indicates that a certain level of these factors may be necessary for active motor development. Tailored interventions should not only address physical activity or actual motor competencies but also encourage positive-realistic self-assessment and increased participation in physical activity, especially organized sports, to enhance both motor development and well-being.