Perceptions of Essential Oral Health Care and Locus of Control Among Adults in a Developing Country

Objectives: Oral diseases are among the most prevalent global health problems, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged populations. Essential Oral Health Care (EOHC), endorsed by the World Health Organization, comprises basic promotive, preventive, and curative services that should be universally accessible. Public perceptions and psychological factors, particularly Locus of Control (LOC), strongly influence oral health behaviors and service use. This study assessed adults’ perceptions of Essential Oral Health Care (EOHC) services and examined the association of Locus of Control (LOC) with sociodemographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 adults residing in Trilokpuri, New Delhi. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires on six domains: perceived needs, essential services, service adequacy, barriers to utilization, self-rated oral health and LOC. Statistical tests, including Mann- Whitney U test, Spearman correlation test, and multivariable logistic regression, were applied. Results: Most participants (68.0%) recognized oral health as part of general health, yet only 34.0% reported a dental visit in the past year. Pain relief (42.0%) was the most commonly perceived essential service. Cost and waiting time were major barriers. Internal LOC was observed in 38.7% of participants and was positively associated with higher socioeconomic status (SES) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Adults demonstrated limited awareness and narrow perceptions of EOHC, with substantial access and affordability barriers. Internal LOC was significantly associated with higher SES, underscoring the need for community-based oral health education and systemic strengthening of affordable EOHC services.