The role of Trefoil Family Factor 1 (TFF1) as a potential marker for retinoblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Retinoblastoma tumors with higher TFF1 expression were associated with a reduced risk of bilateral involvement and an increased likelihood of diagnosis after the age of 3 years. Although the associations with choroidal and optic nerve invasion were not statistically significant, TFF1 remains a promising candidate biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of retinoblastoma, particularly due to its absence in normal ocular tissue. Further high-quality studies are required to validate the clinical utility of TFF1 as a reliable diagnostic and prognostic marker in retinoblastoma.