Comparative analysis of vaccines against deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic viruses: Development, immunogenicity, efficacy, and post-vaccination surveillance with Indian perspective

Vaccination remains one of the most effective public health interventions for the prevention and control of viral diseases. Advances in molecular biology have led to the development of novel vaccine platforms targeting both DNA and RNA viruses. This study paper presents a comparative analysis of vaccines developed against DNA viruses and RNA viruses, focusing on differences in vaccine development strategies, immunogenicity, efficacy, safety profiles, and post-vaccination surveillance, including adverse events. Special emphasis is placed on the Indian public health perspective, considering indigenous vaccine development, programmatic feasibility, and surveillance mechanisms. Understanding these differences is essential for informed vaccine policy, improved preparedness for emerging infections, and strengthening immunization programs in low- and middle-income countries like India.