Homoeopathic Pharmacy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Literature Review of Drug Preparation, Mechanisms, And Clinical Evidence

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) represents a major global health burden characterised by insulin resistance and progressive β-cell dysfunction. While conventional pharmacotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment, limitations such as adverse effects, cost, and incomplete glycemic control have led to growing interest in complementary systems of medicine, including homoeopathy. Homoeopathic pharmacy, particularly the process of potentization, offers a distinctive approach to drug preparation involving serial dilution and succussion. This systematic literature review aims to evaluate the role of homoeopathic pharmacy in T2DM with emphasis on drug preparation methods, physicochemical mechanisms, and available clinical evidence. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and homoeopathic sources following PRISMA guidelines. Findings suggest that potentized medicines may exert biological effects through nanoparticle-mediated mechanisms, modulation of gene expression, and hormetic responses. Clinical studies indicate potential benefits in glycemic control, though methodological limitations persist. Standardisation challenges and scientific controversies remain significant. This review highlights the need for rigorous interdisciplinary research to validate homoeopathic interventions in T2DM and integrate them into evidence-based practice.