Comprehensive analysis of the adaptation mechanism among growth strategies, rhizosphere effects, and microbial community of three Indocalamus species

Indocalamus spp. have significant economic and ecological value, but current cultivation practices overlook their distinct growth strategies, hindering sustainable management. To elucidate plant-soil-microbe adaptation mechanisms, we investigated growth traits, rhizosphere effects, and microbial communities of three ecotypes: competitive-type I. kunmingensis cv. Fuminer (Fum), balanced-type I. jinpingensis (Jin), and tolerant-type I. decorus (Dec). Growth traits revealed Fum exhibited rapid growth and high biomass, suiting intensive cultivation; Jin coordinated growth and reproduction, adapting to extensive management; Dec showed high culm density and root-to-shoot ratio, enabling adaptation to nutrient-poor environments. Rhizosphere effects differed accordingly. Jin enhanced nutrient contents and enzyme activities, suggesting positive feedback for nutrient mobilization; Fum exhibited high urease activity matching biomass demand; Dec had the lowest soil metrics, consistent with low-consumption traits. Microbial analysis showed bacterial diversity was niche-driven, while fungal diversity was influenced by both species and niche. Rhizosphere bacterial diversity correlated positively with soil quality, and root endophytic fungal diversity with plant growth. Predicted microbial functions aligned with host strategies. Mantel tests revealed significant correlations among microbial communities, plant traits, and soil properties, suggesting microbes may mediate plant-soil interactions. Based on these associations, we propose a conceptual framework of plant-soil-microbe adaptation, providing a basis for ecotype-specific cultivation toward sustainable management. • The rhizosphere effect and microbial community are adapted to growth strategies of Indocalamus . • OPLS-DA and C score can effectively quantify the differences in growth strategies and rhizosphere effects of Indocalamus . • The plant-soil-microbial community synergy supports the ecological adaptability of Indocalamus . • Competitive-type Indocalamus species is suited for intensive high-yield management, balanced-type for extensive management, and tolerant-type for ecological restoration in impoverished environments.