On the Death of NAO: Reflections on Robot Platform Choice and Stabilisation of the Human-Robot Interaction Research Field

As a young and inherently interdisciplinary field, Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) shows evidence of multiple, competing and complementary epistemologies and methodologies. However, it is clear that HRI user studies are a valued, primary form of knowledge generation. How might this influence, and be influenced by choice of experimental robot platform? Once a clear, common platform of choice, the number of HRI conference papers detailing work utilising the NAO robot has consistently declined since 2015. We take this opportunity to present quantitative and qualitative data regarding the evolving use and role of the NAO robot in establishing what makes “good science” in HRI, and to reflect on what this might mean for, and can tell us about, the field more broadly. We suggest that shared use of a common platform like NAO is emblematic of, and important for, the field's attempts to stabilise. Access to a common platform supports sharing of knowledge and practices amongst researchers in the field, whilst at the same time produces a set of assumptions about what makes for (seemingly) scientific HRI knowledge, practice or “lore” that will continue to shape the future of the field - even beyond the platform's demise.

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Publication Details

Journal
ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction
Published
2026-03-26
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1145/3803854
Primary Topic
Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00
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article

On the Death of NAO: Reflections on Robot Platform Choice and Stabilisation of the Human-Robot Interaction Research Field

Katherine Harrison, Katie Winkle
ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction
Social Robot Interaction and HRI
article

On the Death of NAO: Reflections on Robot Platform Choice and Stabilisation of the Human-Robot Interaction Research Field

Katherine Harrison, Katie Winkle
article en

Abstract

As a young and inherently interdisciplinary field, Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) shows evidence of multiple, competing and complementary epistemologies and methodologies. However, it is clear that HRI user studies are a valued, primary form of knowledge generation. How might this influence, and be influenced by choice of experimental robot platform? Once a clear, common platform of choice, the number of HRI conference papers detailing work utilising the NAO robot has consistently declined since 2015. We take this opportunity to present quantitative and qualitative data regarding the evolving use and role of the NAO robot in establishing what makes “good science” in HRI, and to reflect on what this might mean for, and can tell us about, the field more broadly. We suggest that shared use of a common platform like NAO is emblematic of, and important for, the field's attempts to stabilise. Access to a common platform supports sharing of knowledge and practices amongst researchers in the field, whilst at the same time produces a set of assumptions about what makes for (seemingly) scientific HRI knowledge, practice or “lore” that will continue to shape the future of the field - even beyond the platform's demise.

ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction
Linköping University (SE), Uppsala University (SE), Gender Studies (CZ)
Openalex Percentile: Top 14%
Social Robot Interaction and HRI
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