Women’s empowerment and quality antenatal care in Ghana: analysis using the survey-based women’s empowerment global index in the Ghana demographic and health survey

In Ghana, women's empowerment indirectly influences the quality of ANC through pathways of early initiation and adequate continuity of care, whereas health-system factors and regional inequities remain the dominant independent determinants. Policy efforts should prioritise timely ANC initiation, continuity of care and equitable service delivery, alongside integrated empowerment strategies within broader health-system strengthening initiatives.