Bone-grafting biomaterials in implantology: Clinical applications, biological behavior, and innovations

Objectives: To evaluate biological properties, clinical applications, and emerging innovations in bone-grafting biomaterials used in implant dentistry. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted on autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts, including studies on nanomaterials, growth factors, and scaffold technologies. Results: Autografts showed superior regenerative potential but were limited by donor site morbidity. Allografts and xenografts demonstrated favorable biocompatibility, while alloplasts provided predictable synthetic alternatives. Innovations such as platelet-rich fibrin and nanostructured biomaterials enhanced vascularization and osseointegration. Conclusions: Bone grafting biomaterials are essential for achieving implant stability and bone volume restoration. Technological advances continue to improve predictability and clinical success.