Hierarchically Structured Biogenic Siliceous Rocks for Electrocatalysis: Advances, Methodologies, and Future Directions

Abstract Electrocatalysis technology is crucial for energy conversion. However, its widespread application is hindered by the high cost and scarcity of noble metal catalysts. Biogenic siliceous materials, such as diatomite (DT), characterized by hierarchical pore structures and inherent stability, offers a robust platform for developing efficient, cost-effective non-noble metal catalysts. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the DT functionalization and utilization as a template or precursor for synthesizing porous carbon (PC)-based, silicon-based, and metal compound catalysts. The review specifically evaluates the performance of biogenic siliceous materials in key electrocatalytic reactions, including the oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. Finally, the review outlines research directions to address current challenges, highlighting the criticality of optimizing structural regulations and controllable synthesis to facilitate the practical application of these electrocatalytic materials.