Transmission pathways of paediatric dental caries: Key clinical insights and effective prevention strategies

Objectives: This study aimed to describe major transmission pathways of paediatric dental caries and highlight evidence-based preventive strategies for early childhood caries control. Methods: A narrative synthesis of clinical evidence related to microbial transmission, feeding practices, salivary factors, and caregiver behaviors was conducted. Emphasis was placed on vertical, horizontal, and environmental transmission routes and modifiable behavioral determinants. Results: Early colonization of Streptococcus mutans was observed even in predentate children. High maternal caries burden, inappropriate feeding practices, frequent sugar exposure, saliva-sharing behaviors, and reduced fluoride exposure were identified as major contributors to early caries development. Conclusions: Early preventive interventions, parental education, behavior modification, and community-based strategies are essential to interrupt microbial transmission pathways and reduce childhood caries burden.