A roadmap for plant–microbiome breeding to enhance plant stress tolerance

Plants constantly form associations with microorganisms, and some are vital for plant performance, especially under stress conditions. Although some microorganisms have been developed into commercial bioinoculant products, their associations with plants can be transient, and their efficacy is often inconsistent in the field. Here, we propose a framework and key research steps needed for plant breeders and microbiologists to work together to match plant genetics with compatible microbial inoculants. Recent studies have successfully identified plant genetic factors that play a role in the recruitment of beneficial microorganisms, and many associated technologies are ready for implementation towards this goal. This innovative and collaborative approach could provide novel, enduring plant-microbiome associations for environmental sustainability and food security under a changing climate.