Editorial: Advancing NSCLC treatment: overcoming challenges in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death, and immune 21 checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized its treatment by reactivating the immune system to tumor cells [1,2] . Despite significant improvements in patient outcomes, ICIs present 23 several key challenges: inconsistent efficacy across populations, complex resistance mechanisms, 24 and treatment-related toxicities [2,3]