Application of 3D facial reconstruction in forensic odontology

Objectives: To review the role of three-dimensional facial reconstruction techniques in forensic odontology and evaluate their effectiveness in human identification. Methods: A narrative review of published literature was performed focusing on traditional and digital facial reconstruction methods, including two-dimensional sketches, three-dimensional clay modeling, and computerized 3D reconstruction systems. Technological advancements and accuracy outcomes were analyzed. Results: Modern computerized 3D facial reconstruction techniques demonstrated improved accuracy, reduced operator-dependent errors, and enhanced efficiency compared to conventional manual methods. These technologies facilitated better visualization, enabling identification by relatives and authorities when conventional forensic methods were insufficient. Conclusions: Three-dimensional facial reconstruction has become an essential adjunct in forensic identification. Continued technological advancements and population-specific database development are crucial for improving accuracy and practical applicability.