Typologies, spatial patterns, and policy implications

This study examines typologies of users and non-users of electric micromobility (e-micromobility) - covering private and shared e-bikes and e-scooters - across three European cities: Lisbon (Portugal), Madrid (Spain), and Cluj-Napoca (Romania). Based on 2304 survey responses, a multi-stage analytical framework was applied, combining Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with hierarchical clustering (Ward.D2) and statistical validation tests (Chi-square, Kruskal–Wallis, Dunn post hoc). Spatial analysis complemented the clustering through Global Moran's I, Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) mapping. The analysis identified five stable and replicable clusters: Micromobility enthusiasts, Committed cyclists and scooterists, Flexible young-adults, Public transport defenders, and Car-dependents. These personas were consistent across cities, although their prevalence varied with local socio-demographic and mobility contexts. The most discriminant factors were main mode of transport, employment status, age and trip purpose. Spatial results showed low but significant autocorrelation, indicating that adoption is influenced more by socio-demographic and behavioural traits than by residential proximity. The findings contribute to the external validity of micromobility typologies and provide a basis for city-sensitive policies, including infrastructure provision, integration with public transport, and demand activation strategies tailored to distinct user profiles.