A survey of studies on blood lead concentrations and its health outcomes in Nepal, a review

Lead is a toxic heavy metal widely used in industries and consumer products. This review aims to synthesize available evidence on blood lead levels (BLLs), associated health outcomes, and sources of lead exposure in Nepal. Literature review was done for studies published up to December 2024 where Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 1,154 individuals. Mean BLLs varied widely, from 3.7 to 20.33µg/dL across different populations. Key sources of exposure included lead-based paints, batteries, household dust, and environmental pollutants. Elevated BLLs were significantly associated with neurodevelopmental delays, reduced IQ, and anemia. Despite regulatory steps, enforcement remains inconsistent, and population-level screening is lacking. Lead exposure remains a critical and under-addressed public health issue in Nepal. Comprehensive national surveillance, stronger enforcement of existing regulations, public education, and the expansion of toxicology services, including poison centers and chelation availability, are urgently needed.