The Relationship of Light Touch, Vibration, Muscle Strength, and Endurance With Balance, Gait, and Falling in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by sensory and motor impairments. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between lower extremity sensation, muscle strength and endurance, balance, gait, and risk of falling in patients with MS. Light touch sensation (LTS) was evaluated using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (threshold: ≥2/3 correct responses). Vibration sensation was tested using a 128 Hz vibration fork. Muscle strength was measured in Newtons using a hand-held dynamometer, and core muscle endurance was assessed using a pressure biofeedback device. Static balance was assessed using the single leg stand test (SLST), dynamic balance using the Y balance test (YBT), gait by the footprint method, and fall risk using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I). Back extensor muscle strength showed a significant correlation with non-dominant YBT performance (<i>P</i> = .030). Abdominal muscle strength correlated with SLST performance (eyes open/closed), while lower extremity strenght correlated with both SLST and YBT outcomes (<i>P</i> < .05). Gait parameters were significantly related to trunk and lower extremity strength (<i>P</i> < .05). Back extensors, hip flexors, gluteus maximus, and hamstring muscle strength were associated with fall risk (<i>P</i> < .05). Importantly, LTS showed a positive association with YBT scores and a negative association with risk of falling (<i>P</i> < .05). Sensory and motor factors interactively contribute to balance, gait, and fall risk in MS. To reduce the risk of falls and improve functional outcomes in MS, a targeted rehabilitation programme combining sensory and motor assessments is required.