In silico evaluation of deleterious nsSNPs in SOD1 and TARDBP genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder involving mutations in the SOD1 and TARDBP genes that significantly influence its development. Nonsynonymous SNPs in these genes can disrupt protein stability, folding, and regulatory functions, leading to motor neuron loss. This study performed an in-silico approach to assess the functional and structural effects of nsSNPs in SOD1 and TARDBP . A total of 5,964 SOD1 and 10,630 TARDBP variants were retrieved from public databases, filtered for coding region with a MAF ≥ 0.001, and prioritized using CADD. Multiple approaches, including pathogenicity predictions, stability analysis, structural modeling, post-translational modification assessment, and network-based functions, were combined. 12 nsSNPs per gene met the inclusion criteria. Notably, SOD1 variants V15G (rs1202989817) and I19M (rs1182088847) consistently predicted as deleterious, showing decreased stability indicated by negative ΔΔG values and localized structural disruptions without global misfolding. Conversely, TARDBP variants G335D (rs80356729) and I222T (rs1570722030) suggested destabilization but yielded mixed predictions regarding disease association. Network and pathway analyses highlighted SOD1 and TARDBP as key nodes in ALS-related mechanisms such as oxidative stress, RNA metabolism, proteostasis, and mitochondrial impairment. These findings prioritize structurally destabilizing variants with potential pathogenic relevance in ALS and provide a computational framework for downstream experimental validation.