LIVELIHOOD TRANSITION OF WETLAND DEPENDENT COMMUNITIES IN ERNAKULAM DISTRICT OF KERALA

Aim: The aim of the present study is to examine the livelihood profile of wetland-dependent communities in Ernakulam district of Kerala and to analyse the transition occurring in traditional wetland-based occupations in the context of wetland degradation and socio-economic changes. Background: Wetlands play a crucial role in supporting livelihoods and maintaining ecological balance, particularly in regions where communities are highly dependent on natural resources. Kerala, with a significant proportion of wetland ecosystems, faces increasing threats from urbanization, industrialization, and land-use change. Ernakulam district, which possesses one of the largest wetland extents in the state, has witnessed rapid degradation and conversion of wetlands. These changes have considerable implications for traditional resource-dependent communities. This study examines the livelihood profile of wetland-dependent households and analyses the transition in wetland-based occupations.. Methodology: The study is based on primary data collected from 340 respondents across Kadamakudy, Kumbalam, Varappuzha panchayats, Maradu municipality, and Cochin Corporation in Ernakulam district. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were adopted. Structured survey schedules were used to collect quantitative data, while focus group discussions provided qualitative insights into livelihood dynamics, occupational shifts, and sustainability concerns among wetland-dependent communities. Analytical Results: The findings reveal significant disparity in land ownership, with only a small proportion of households owning cultivable wetlands. Fishing and clam collection emerged as the dominant livelihood activities, with 73.5% of household heads engaged in these occupations. Approximately 77% of households depend on wetland-based livelihoods. Agriculture, particularly pokkali cultivation, has declined due to labour shortages, high cultivation costs, and land conversion. A majority of employed individuals (61.39%) are engaged in fishing-related activities. Conclusion: The study concludes that wetland-based livelihoods in Ernakulam district are increasingly vulnerable due to ecological degradation and socio-economic transformations. Fishing remains the primary livelihood, while agriculture continues to decline. The observed generational shift away from traditional occupations raises concerns about the long-term sustainability of wetland-dependent communities.