Hybrid service learning (HSL) to promote civic engagement: A systematic literature review

The disparity between theoretical and practical knowledge in civics education significantly influences social issues. A systematic review is essential to furnish educators and policy-makers with insights to address these educational challenges by integrating service learning and online learning into a hybrid service learning (HSL) model. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research systematically reviewing the existing literature on the implementation of HSL. This article aims to present a literature review on the implementation of HSL in civic education. The study employed a systematic review methodology, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The process encompassed identification, screening, eligibility, inclusion and analysis presentations using Publish or Perish 7. The search for articles on Scopus and Google Scholar via the Publish or Perish 7 application yielded 87 articles, which were subsequently narrowed down to seventeen selected papers. The data analysis technique utilized a pre-defined review protocol comprising three main aspects: bibliography, research details, and the focus and content of the article. Content analysis was employed to develop categories, concepts and themes. Based on thematic analysis, this study identifies two primary themes: the conceptual design of HSL and the effectiveness of HSL in promoting civic engagement. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing directions for future research focused on developing and implementing a HSL model in civic education to enhance civic engagement.