Intersecting Impacts of Family Income and Minority Status on Depression and Suicidal Behaviors Among Young Adults

Background Depression and suicidal behaviors among young adults have emerged as pressing public health concerns in the United States. This study examined the prevalence and predictors of depression and suicidal behaviors among U.S. young adults, focusing on the intersecting roles of family structure, economic status, and minority status. Guided by intersectionality, minority stress, and family stress frameworks, the research addressed how structural disadvantages and social marginalization contribute to mental health disparities in the study population. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from the Spatial Social Network and Environmental Exposure (SSNE) Project containing sample of 2446 young adults aged 18–29 years. Chi-square test examined group differences by family income and minority status, while logistic regression models identified predictors of depression, suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors, controlling for demographic and social factors. Results Overall, 60.3% of participants reported depressive symptoms, while 50.6% endorsed passive suicidal thoughts, 41.8% reported active suicidal ideation, and 16.6% indicated preparatory suicidal behaviors. Young adults from single-parent, lower-income households showed the highest levels of depression (70.8%) and suicidality, with elevated odds persisting even among single-parent households in mid–upper income categories. Minority participants (racial and LGBTQ+) exhibited substantially higher rates of depression (74.8%) and active suicidal ideation (57.8%) compared with non-minority group. Younger adults (18-24 years) demonstrated increased vulnerability to depression and suicidality, whereas higher parental education and stronger peer support served as protective factors. Conclusion Findings highlight the compounded influence of family structure, socioeconomic status, and minority stress on young adult mental health. Policies and interventions that address family dynamics, economic inequality, and social inclusion are critical for reducing depression and suicidality in vulnerable populations.