Patent Foramen Ovale – from Diagnosis to Treatment. A Literature Review

Abstract Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital cardiac anomaly, present in approximately 25% of the general population, representing a persistent interatrial communication. This review summarizes current evidence on the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for PFO in accordance with the most recent international guidelines. In patients with high-risk anatomical features or cryptogenic stroke, PFO closure may be indicated. The decision to close a PFO is based on careful risk stratification and comprehensive imaging, typically including contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiography. Several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy of percutaneous closure devices, and PFO closure is currently considered an effective strategy for secondary prevention of cryptogenic stroke in carefully selected patients aged 18 to 60 years.