Technology-Enhanced Volleyball Training As an Educational Tool to Foster Perceptual-Cognitive Skills and Self-Perception in Youth

Objectives. The objective of this study was to analyse the educational effectiveness of an integrated training intervention conducted over one sporting year in youth volleyball players aged 10–13 years, aimed at developing perceptual-cognitive abilities, psychological characteristics, and inclusive participation in a sports learning environment. Material and Methods. The study involved approximately 80 students, including participants diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The participants were divided into an experimental group and a control group. Training sessions were conducted twice a week and had a stable organizational structure with operational subgroups and 3×3 mini-tournaments. The control group followed a traditional training programme focused on the development of technical fundamentals, whereas the experimental group implemented playful and perceptual decision-making tasks supported by interactive light devices (reaction lights/Sportlights) designed to stimulate reaction speed, peripheral vision, and visual-motor coordination. A mixed-methods research design was applied, combining quantitative assessments with qualitative interviews involving students and coaches. Results. The experimental group demonstrated more favourable outcomes in the development of perceptual-cognitive skills compared with the control group. In addition, participants in the experimental group reported higher levels of perceived competence and physical self-esteem. Qualitative data indicated increased engagement, motivation, and participation during training sessions. Conclusions. The findings support the educational value of intentionally designed sports learning environments that integrate playful activities, technological tools, and traditional training methods. Such an approach may enhance perceptual-cognitive development, increase motivation, and promote inclusion in youth sports programmes.