Multiple technique analysis of pottery and clay samples from the Neolithic settlement Șoimuş—Teleghi (Romania)

Abstract This study provides an in-depth analytical investigation conducted on Neolithic ceramic artifacts attributed to the Vinča culture (phase B1) from the Șoimuș—Teleghi site in Hunedoara County, Romania. Several complementary techniques were used to study the mineral content, chemical makeup, and firing techniques of ten pottery pieces (fine, semi-fine, coarse) and two clay samples. The techniques are FTIR, TG/DTG, XRD, XRF, SEM–EDX, and LIBS. The ceramics consist primarily of an illite and montmorillonite matrix, tempered with quartz and mica, alongside accessory minerals. The firing temperature was estimated to be in the range of 550–700 ℃, indicating low-intensity open firing, typical of Neolithic technologies. The geochemical signature of the pottery closely matches the local clay samples, supporting local production and resource extraction. The results place the material from the site in a broader continuity of Neolithic/Late Neolithic technological levels both locally and regionally (Lower Danube).