Recent advances in the alleviation of salt stress in plants

Salt stress is one of the crucial abiotic factors limiting plant growth and production. It is caused by high salt levels in the soil, which limit the availability of irrigated water and other minerals required for plant growth. It can cause poor crop yields and food insecurity, particularly in coastal and desert areas. Mitigating plant salt stress is critical for increasing agricultural yields and maintaining food security. There are numerous approaches to reducing the negative consequences of salt stress, including genetic modification, hormone therapy and improved soil management practices. Recent discoveries in the field include microbial consortia, nanotechnology, metabolomics, systems biology and CRISPR-Cas technologies for improving plant salt tolerance. Minimising salt stress in plants is crucial for enhancing agricultural output and food security and several quantitative methods can be utilised to accomplish this goal. This review will address recent findings on salt tolerance in plants, utilising microbial, morpho-physical, biochemical and genetic approaches and nanoparticle applications.