Modification of Gliadin with Rha/PGA/Ta for Rutin-Loaded Hollow Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties, and In Vitro Digestion

In this study, rutin-loaded hollow nanoparticles were fabricated via the antisolvent method using wheat alcohol-soluble proteins (WASPs) as the encapsulating material and were further modified by rhamnolipids (Rha), propylene glycol alginate (PGA), and tannic acid (TA) to enhance their drug-carrying properties and stability. Optimal encapsulation efficiency was achieved at a protein-rutin mass ratio of 20:1, based on particle size and encapsulation analysis. The stability of the nanoparticles under various environmental conditions (pH, temperature, ionic strength, and redispersion) was systematically evaluated, and bioactive release was investigated by using an in vitro digestion model. Results showed that Ru-HGNPs, Ru-Rha-HGNPs, Ru-PGA-HGNPs, and Ru-TA-HGNPs effectively improved the stability of rutin in different environments, protected it from gastric acid degradation, and enhanced its slow release and absorption in the intestine, significantly increasing bioaccessibility. This study provides a novel, safe, stable, and high-encapsulation nanodelivery system for hydrophobic active ingredients.