Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies and Skills for Water-Energy-Food Nexus in South Africa: The Moderating Role of Stakeholders

The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus provides a strategic framework for sustainable development, aligning with the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and resource security goals in Africa. Industry 4.0 (4IR) technologies have been identified as transformative for achieving efficiency and sustainability in WEF sectors, yet existing research often overlooks the Nexus’ holistic integration. This study bridges this gap by examining 4IR technologies, requisite skills, and the moderating role of stakeholders in advancing WEF solutions. The study adopted a mixed-method research design, and data were collected from 262 WEF practitioners and five academics through purposive and snowball sampling. The data was analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and revealed two technology categories: physical and digital innovations, with digital technologies showing a more significant impact (r = 0.350). Three skillset components were identified, with proficiency in 4IR technologies (r = 0.275) and basic computer skills (r = 0.317) being significant. The qualitative analysis revealed managerial soft skills as vital for WEF sustainability. Stakeholders emerged as critical moderators (r = 0.794) in integrating 4IR solutions within the WEF Nexus, with strategic stakeholders being more vital (Γ = 0.390, t = 9.842). The findings emphasise the need to upskill workers in 4IR technologies and foster stakeholder engagement to drive sustainable outcomes. This study provides a comprehensive model aligning technological and human capital investments to enhance sustainable resource management in South Africa’s WEF Nexus, contributing to the theoretical understanding of technology acceptance and practical pathways for sustainability.