The Anti-Inflammatory Role of GLP-1 RAs in Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) pose a significant burden on the healthcare system. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS are widely studied. However, currently, there are no clinically approved drugs that can effectively reduce the high mortality of patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are an increasingly popular class of medications. Their FDA approval was driven by the beneficial effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Notably, recent studies are beginning to recognize the role of GLP-1 RAs in immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory responses across various organs, including the lungs. Animal models of ALI demonstrate the potential of these medications for treatment and prophylaxis. Observational studies suggest that patients taking GLP-1 RAs experienced fewer pulmonary complications. Here, we reviewed reports on their impact on the respiratory system in animal models of ALI and in clinical trials. Their effects in the intensive care unit setting and conditions predisposing to ALI/ARDS were also summarized. The mechanisms of action of GLP-1 RAs were reviewed based on in vitro studies using various lung cell types, and experimental approaches. Moreover, the roles of the pharmaceutical industry and patent law in extending the scope of GLP-1 RAs beyond obesity and diabetes were also described.