The global clinical landscape of human-derived extracellular vesicles: an analysis based on ClinicalTrials.gov (2010–2025)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), with their ability to precisely regulate the cellular microenvironment, have fundamentally transformed the way we explore and treat diseases in many respects. Characterizing past and ongoing clinical trials involving EVs as circulating biomarkers or therapeutic interventions for various diseases will yield valuable insights for academic research, disease surveillance, and biopharmaceutical development. Based on the ClinicalTrials.gov database, we retrospectively analyzed 355 clinical trials initiated by the end of 2025. This study provides a detailed description of these trials and discusses key considerations regarding current research priorities and future trends in this field.