Aligning Green Finance, Technological Innovation, and Energy Consumption for <scp>CO</scp> ₂ Emission Reduction: Insights From <scp>BRICS</scp> + Countries

ABSTRACT Carbon dioxide emissions have emerged as a major concern due to the rapid expansion of industries in economies that are developing. From 2000 to 2021, this study looks at the BRICS+ countries' CO 2 emissions and how they relate to energy, technology, and finances. Examining how renewable energy, sustainable finance, technological innovation, fintech, and financial institutions affect emissions is the goal. This study contributes to the literature from its use of MMQR, AMG, and FE‐DKSE to deal with endogeneity. In the beginning, emissions from renewable energy sources are higher than expected because of transitional losses, but as technology advances, CO 2 emissions are steadily falling. Although the expansion of fintech makes green finance more accessible, the increased demand for digital infrastructure it necessitates actually increases emissions, in contrast to the beneficial effect of financial institutions and sustainable finance on emissions. This study emphasizes the importance of policies that support environmentally conscious investments and energy efficiency measures, all while tackling the temporary obstacles to integrating renewable energy sources, helping to achieve global climate objectives. In the context of the BRICS+, the results highlight the significance of sustainable development and the mitigation of climate change, which is relevant to SDGs 7, 9, 12, and 13.