Harnessing the photovoltaic potential of dual absorbing layer in perovskite-based solar cells for efficient energy solutions

Climate change, the depletion of fossil fuel resources, and the ongoing increase in global energy demand have accelerated the urgent search for sustainable and renewable energy alternatives. Multi-layer solar cells are an emerging technology with strong potential to meet rising energy demands by enhancing light absorption and improving charge-carrier collection. COMSOL Multiphysics is used in this study to numerically optimize a unique SnO 2 /CsSnI 3 /BiFeO 3 /Spiro-OMeTAD solar cell structure. Detailed calculations show that the device functions remarkably well, with a maximum short-circuit current density of 34.73 mA/cm 2 at 400 nm BiFeO 3 thickness. The maximum open-circuit voltage of 1.10 V and peak efficiency of 29.00% are reached at 1000 ns electron-hole lifetime in CsSnI 3 , while the fill factor reaches 84.76% at 50 nm CsSnI 3 thickness. These results underscore the critical importance of precise layer engineering for maximizing device efficiency. Further experimental studies are recommended to validate the simulations and to assess long-term operational stability under practical conditions. • High-performance CsSnI 3 /BiFeO 3 /SnO 2 /Spiro-OMeTAD solar cell designed. • J sc enhanced to 34.73 mA/cm 2 at 400 nm BiFeO 3 thickness. • V oc maximized to 1.10 V at 1000 ns carrier lifetime in CsSnI 3 . • Peak efficiency of 29.00% achieved at optimized lifetime. • Fill factor improves to 84.76% at 50 nm CsSnI 3 thickness.