Green Hydrogen from Renewable Energy: Pathways, Challenges and the Road Ahead

There was a time when hydrogen was mostly talked about in chemistry classrooms. Not anymore. The energy sector has woken up to what researchers long suspected — that green hydrogen, produced by splitting water using renewable electricity, could become one of the cleanest fuels we have ever had. This paper examine the technical architecture of green hydrogen production, the different electrolyzer technologies that powers it, the challenges of coupling these systems with variable renewables, and the economic landscape that will determine whether any of these scales. We also look at emerging research directions — AI-based dispatch control, seawater electrolysis, and degradation modeling — because these are where the real breakthroughs are likely to come from. The goal is not just to review what exists, but to point clearly at what is still missing.