Liquiritin attenuates IONI-induced trigeminal neuropathic pain via TLR4/MyD88-dependent modulation of microglial M1-like polarization

Liquiritin alleviated IONI-induced TN-like neuropathic pain in mice, concomitant with reduced microglial M1-like activation, decreased IL-1β/TNF-α and TRPV1/CGRP levels, and down-regulation of TLR4/MyD88 signaling in trigeminal tissues. These in vivo, in vitro and in silico data support Liquiritin as a promising neuroinflammation-modulating candidate targeting TLR4/MyD88 in trigeminal neuropathic pain, warranting further pharmacokinetic, long-term safety and translational studies.