Monitor and alleviate human hypoxia during short-term exposure to high altitudes: A review

Growing numbers of lowlanders are travelling to high altitudes for occupational and recreational purposes. Hypoxia constitutes the principal physiological challenge at high altitudes, causing notable discomfort and potential life-threatening conditions. This study systematically analysed three key physiological systems during short-term high-altitude exposure and identified the most clinically relevant indicators for these systems. Six Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) scales were summarized from a subjective monitoring perspective. Three hypoxia alleviation methods with practical implementation guidelines are presented. Based on identified limitations in current evaluation and intervention methods, we propose future research directions to improve safety protocols for high-altitude visitors and to optimize acclimatization strategies. Highlights The relevant indicators for three key physiological systems were selected. The key symptoms of six AMS questionnaires were analysed. Three methods of alleviating hypoxia are summarized. Development of an oxygen comfort assessment method is essential for mild AMS. Thermal-oxygen coupled environment control technology is prospective.