Pharmacogenomics of anti-seizure medications in Epilepsy: a systematic review of genetic predictors of response and tolerance

Only a limited number of genetic polymorphisms currently demonstrate sufficient consistency for clinical translation, mainly HLA alleles predicting severe cutaneous reactions and <i>CYP2C9</i> variants associated with phenytoin toxicity. Larger multiethnic studies with standardized outcome definitions are needed to clarify the therapeutic role of additional markers and support broader pharmacogenomic implementation.