All pure multipartite entangled states of qubits can be self-tested

Device-independent self-testing refers to the certification of quantum states based entirely on the correlations exhibited by measurements on separate subsystems. The fact that such a certification is possible at all is remarkable in its own right, and is intimately connected to the violation Bell's inequalities by entangled quantum systems. In the bipartite case, it is known that, for every pure entangled bipartite state, there exists a device-independent self-testing protocol. Despite the growing interest in self-testing, an analogous universal result in the multipartite setting has remained elusive. In this work, we prove such a universal result for qubits: for every pure n-qubit entangled state, we give an explicit Bell-scenario correlations that self-tests that state, up to local isometries and, where relevant, complex conjugation.

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Publication Details

Journal
Nature Communications
Published
2026-03-24
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-70829-x
Primary Topic
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00
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article

All pure multipartite entangled states of qubits can be self-tested

Nature Communications
Quantum Mechanics and Applications
article

All pure multipartite entangled states of qubits can be self-tested

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Abstract

Device-independent self-testing refers to the certification of quantum states based entirely on the correlations exhibited by measurements on separate subsystems. The fact that such a certification is possible at all is remarkable in its own right, and is intimately connected to the violation Bell's inequalities by entangled quantum systems. In the bipartite case, it is known that, for every pure entangled bipartite state, there exists a device-independent self-testing protocol. Despite the growing interest in self-testing, an analogous universal result in the multipartite setting has remained elusive. In this work, we prove such a universal result for qubits: for every pure n-qubit entangled state, we give an explicit Bell-scenario correlations that self-tests that state, up to local isometries and, where relevant, complex conjugation.

Nature Communications
Institut polytechnique de Grenoble (FR), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE), Institute of Photonic Sciences (ES), University of Washington (US), Center for Theoretical Physics (PL), Sorbonne Université (FR), Laboratoire Jean Perrin (FR), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (FR), Seattle University (US), Université Grenoble Alpes (FR), Polish Academy of Sciences (PL)
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Quantum Mechanics and Applications
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All pure multipartite entangled states of qubits can be self-tested · Nature Communications (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS